What are Allergies

Immune system disorder characterized by an imbalance in the immunological reactivity, resulting in abnormal reactions to contact with certain substances (allergens). Allergy is partly determined genetically through the contribution of several genes (polygenic inheritance), determined in part from the environment (exposure to allergens). 

The immune system, faced with the molecules of substances that come from outside the body, is able to recognize those innocuous, which are ignored by those potentially harmful. In the presence of extraneous elements that go away, such as bacteria and viruses or toxins, the immune system is activated and removes harmful agents by means of antibodies or cytotoxic lymphocytes. 

This reaction involves an initial inflammatory response that goes off quickly. In the allergic person, however, the immune system reacts against substances that are not necessarily harmful, and that does not arouse any response in the subject is not allergic. This abnormal reaction - called allergic, reaction that is different, unexpected - is accompanied by lively and prolonged inflammation, which marks the clinical features of these reactions. 

Immune system and allergy 

When the allergic reaction is manifested in a violent after a few seconds or few minutes away from contact with the allergen we speak of immediate hypersensitivity, which is due to the presence of a specific class of immunoglobulin, IgE. In the allergic person is an excessive production of IgE, which is due to excessive proliferation of a subclass of T lymphocytes called Th2, which, when activated, produce linfochine details - such as interleukin 4 - that promote the production of IgE by of B lymphocytes IgE antibodies are produced even in normal conditions, but only in small quantities. In allergy, however, their concentration in the blood is usually very high. Once produced in response to antigenic stimulation, IgE bind to the surface of other cells, the mast cells located in connective tissues, which contain substances capable of inducing a rapid inflammatory reaction, such as histamine. When the allergen combines with IgE attached to the surface, the mast cells are activated, releasing histamine, which in turn initiates at inflammatory (urticaria, asthma, rhinitis). At the same time other cells of inflammation are activated and recruited at the site of allergic reaction, with release of other mediators. 

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